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Celtiberian or Northeastern Hispano-Celtic is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians in an area of the Iberian Peninsula lying between the headwaters of the Duero, Tajo, Júcar and Turia rivers and the Ebro river. This language is directly attested in nearly 200 inscriptions dated in the 2nd century BC and the 1st century BC, mainly in Celtiberian script, a direct adaptation of the northeastern Iberian script, but also in Latin alphabet. The longest extant Celtiberian inscriptions are those on three Botorrita plaques, bronze plaques from Botorrita near Zaragoza, dating to the early 1st century BC, labelled Botorrita I, III and IV (Botorrita II is in the Latin language). In the northwest was another Celtic language, Northwestern Hispano-Celtic, that was somewhat related to Celtiberian. ==Overview== Celtiberian was a Celtic language that shows the characteristic sound changes of Celtic languages such as: * loss of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) voiced aspiration, e.g. PIE *' meaning 'high' to Celtic *' as in the Celtiberian and Gaulish placename element '. * loss of PIE *', e.g. ' (Celtiberian, Old Irish and Old Breton) vs. Latin ''ラテン語:pro-'' and Sanskrit '. * PIE *' changes to Celtic ' (where ''H'' stands for a laryngeal, ''R̥'' stands for a syllabic resonant, and ''C'' for a consonant), e.g. Celtiberian ''arKa(n)to-'', Lepontic ''arkato-'', Old Irish ''argat'', Old Welsh ''argant'' meaning "silver, money" vs. Latin ''argentum'', Sanskrit ''rajata''. * PIE *' (and *) to Celtic *', e.g. IE '' *h3rg'-s'' meaning "king, ruler" vs. Celtiberian ''-reiKis'', Gaulish ''-rix'', British ''RIX'', Old Irish, Old Welsh, Old Breton ''ri'' meaning "king". * PIE *' (and * and *) to Celtic *' in final syllables and *' in non-final syllables, e.g. IE '' *dh3-td'' to Celtiberian ''TaTuz'' meaning 'he must give'. Enough has been preserved to show that the Celtiberian language could be called Q-Celtic (like Goidelic), and not P-Celtic like Gaulish. For some, this has served to confirm that the legendary invasion of Ireland by the Milesians, preserved in the ''Lebor Gabála Érenn'', actually happened. Since Brythonic is ''P''-Celtic too, but as an Insular Celtic language more closely related to Goidelic than to Gaulish, it follows that the ''P''/''Q'' division is polyphyletic: the change from ''kʷ'' to ''p'' occurred in Brythonic and Gaulish at a time when they were already separate languages, rather than constituting a division that marked a separate branch in the "family tree" of the Celtic languages. A change from PIE (''q'') to ''p'' also occurred in some Italic languages and Ancient Greek dialects: compare Oscan ''pis, pid'' ("who, what?") with Latin ''quis, quid''; or Gaulish ''epos'' ("horse") and Attic Greek ''hippos'' with Latin ''equus'' and Mycenaean Greek ''i-qo''. Celtiberian and Gaulish are usually grouped together as the Continental Celtic languages, but this grouping is paraphyletic too: no evidence suggests the two shared any common innovation separately from Insular Celtic. Celtiberian exhibits a fully inflected relative pronoun ''ios'' (as does, e.g., Ancient Greek), not preserved in other Celtic languages, and the particles ''kue'' "and" (cf. Latin ''-que'', Attic Greek ''te''), ''nekue'' "nor" (cf. Latin ''neque'' and Attic Greek ''mēte'' < ''mē'' "not" + ''te'' "and" < IE '' *''), ''ve'' "or" (cf. Latin enclitic ''-ve'' and Attic Greek ''ē'' < Proto-Greek '' *ē-we''). As in Welsh, there is an ''s''-subjunctive, ''gabiseti'' "he shall take" (Old Irish ''gabid''), ''robiseti'', ''auseti''. Compare Umbrian ''ferest'' "he/she/it shall make" or Ancient Greek ''deiksēi'' (aorist subj.) / ''deiksei'' (future ind.) "(that) he/she/it shall show". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Celtiberian language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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